Products

ACTIVATED CARBON

Carbon-In-Column (CIC)

With CIC operation, the gold cyanide solution flows through a series of fluidized bed columns in an up-flow configuration. It is most used to recover gold and silver from heap leach solutions, which are often high in solids content. Fluidized bed carbon columns can process solutions that contain as much as 2 to 3 wt% solids, thus suiting them well for heap leach applications.

Carbon-In-Pulp (CIP)

In CIP, the ore is crushed and finely ground, and cyanide leached in a series of agitated tanks to solubilise the gold. The granular activated carbon is added to the leached slurry, where the carbon adsorbs the gold from the slurry solution and is then removed from the slurry by coarse screening. Often a series of five or six agitated tanks are used, where carbon and ore slurry are contacted in a staged counter current manner. This counter current operation increases the gold loading onto the carbon while maintaining a high recovery percentage.

Carbon-In-Leach (CIL)

The CIL process integrates leaching and CIP into a single unit process operation, in which the leach tanks are fitted with carbon retention screens and the CIP tanks are eliminated. The activated carbon is added in leach, with gold adsorption occurring nearly simultaneously with gold dissolution by the cyanide solution. CIL is often employed when native carbon is present in the gold ore and adsorbs the leached gold, preventing its recovery. The activated carbon used in the CIL circuit preferentially adsorbs the gold over the native carbon, and thus allows the gold to eventually be recovered for stripping.

LIME

HIGH CALCIUM HYDRATED LIME

High-calcium hydrated lime Ca(OH)2 is a dry powder produced by combining quicklime with a sufficient amount of water to satisfy the quicklime's natural affinity for moisture. The process converts CaO to Ca(OH)2.

Identified uses : Neutralization, flocculation, stabilization, absorption.

Other means of identification: Hydrated Lime, Calcitic Hydrated Lime, Lime, Slaked lime, Lime Putty, Lime Slurry, Milk of Lime, Calcium Hydroxide.

CYANIDE

Raw Materials: Sodium Cyanide Solid/briquettes (Pillow Shape) ≥98.0%
Product Specifications/Analysis:
Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) ≥98%
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) ≤0.5%
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) ≤0.5%
Moisture ≤0.5%
Matter insoluble in water ≤0.05%

CENTRIFUGAL

Centrifugal bucket elevators are chosen when there is a need to move large amounts of material quickly. Instead of direct loading, buckets serve as the loading apparatus, scooping material up from the boot or inlet section. For this reason, durable buckets should be selected with this design. Centrifugal force at the head pulley “throws” material from the buckets into the discharge chute. The buckets are spaced in wider intervals to prevent discharge interference from the preceding bucket and to assure maximum fill of the buckets at the boot end while moving at a higher speed. The design of this style yields optimized material fill and reduced interference between buckets.

Centrifugal style elevators are ideal for materials like sand, gravel, woodchips, and other free flowing bulk materials where fragility is not a concern.

CONTINUOUS

Continuous bucket elevators are designed to handle friable, fragile materials to minimize product degradation or damage. They are also ideal for handling sluggish or abrasive materials. Continuous bucket elevators are also used to convey light, free-flowing matter where aeration of the material must be avoided.

Material is fed into the buckets from an inlet chute. Buckets are designed for gentle discharge; the buckets are closely spaced on the belt or chain to allow the material to flow over the backside of the preceding bucket, whose extended sides form a chute to guide the material into the discharge spout. Direct loading of the material, combined with the slow speed of this elevator type, avoids the “throwing” action associated with centrifugal style elevators, making it ideal for use with fragile materials.

Elevator buckets

Steel & stainless steel elevator buckets (pressed / seamless or fabricated)
Plastic / non-metallic elevator buckets (nylon, HDP or polyurethane)
Elevator buckets for agricultural applications (e.g. grain, feed, seeds, sugar)
Elevator buckets for industrial applications (e.g. cement, lime, aggregates, coal, fertilizer

Elevator Bolts

Bolt types:

Ref70 bolts: Steel / Stainless steel 304 & 316/ Steel - ISO grade 5.8/ Concave bolt head with 4 lugs on the underside to prevent rotation when tightening/ Whitworth or metric/Bolt types: M6, M8, M10, M12

Euro Bolts: Steel / Stainless steel 304 & 316 / Actual min core hardness 90-95 Rockwell B/ISO grade 5.8 (exceeds DIN 15237)/ Large bolt head diameter / Fully threaded/ Zinc plated as standard or stainless/ Bolt types: M6, M7, M8, M10, M12/ Cruciform head available on request/

Fang bolts: Steel Unique Design - Fangs lock elevator bolt in place while nut is tightened/ Large bolt head diameter/ Flat bolt head - reduces risk of rip out of bolt/ Extensively tested and used in USA grain industry/ Suitable for recessed or non recessed holes/ Bolt types: M6, M8, M10/

Easifit bolts: Steel / Stainless steel 316/ Shank formed with hexagon tip (easy fastening with special tool)/Speeds fitting & removal of bolts/ Improves elevator safety/ Reduces belt damage caused by standard elevator bolts

Elevator belts

SBR Elevator Belt - Abrasion Resistant Belt Properties:

Anti-Static/ Wear Resistant/ Temperature: -20˚C to +70˚C/ For abrasive materials without oil / fat

Maximum abrasion resistance/ Excellent strength & bolt holding/ Belt types: EP500/3, E630/4, E800/5/ Higher strength belts - EP1000 - EP2000 available on request

NBR Elevator Belt - Super Oil Resistant

Belt Properties: Anti-Static/ / Oil Resistant /Temperature: -25˚C to +100˚C/ For materials with oil & fat / Excellent strength & bolt holding/ 100% Nitrile rubber with niltrile interplies/ Maximum oil resistance to animal & vegetable oils/ Moisture resistant - no belt rot/ Belt types: EP500/3, EP630/4, EP800/4, EP1000/5, EP1250/5, EP1600/5

NBR+K Elevator Belt:

Belt Properties: Anti-Static /Flame Resistant/ Oil Resistant/ Temperature: -25˚C to +120˚C Flame-retardant, anti-static, highly oil resistant elevator belt/ Suitable for handling products with more aggressive oil content such as rape seed/ Ideal for installations with risk of fire & explosion/ Belt types: EP400, EP500, EP630, EP800, EP1000, EP1250/

FRASOR Elevator Belt (ISO 340\284)

Belt Properties: Oil Resistant /Anti-Static/ Flame Resistant/ Temperature: -25˚C to +80˚C/ Flame-retardant, anti-static, moderate oil resistant elevator belt/Ideal for installations with risk of fire & explosion/ Suitable for cereals/ Belt types: EP315, EP400, EP500, EP630, EP800, EP1000, EP1250, EP1600

STEEL WEB Belt

Belt Properties: Anti-Static/ Flame Resistant/ Temperature: up to 130˚C continuous/ Tall high capacity elevators, hot industrial materials / Minimum stretch 3+3 or 4+4 covers/ Temperature resistant up to 130C continuous

FDA-FRASOR Elevator Belt

Belt Properties: Oil Resistant/ Anti-Static/Food Quality/ Flame Resistant/ Temperature: -20˚C to +80˚C/Food applications/ Flame retardant ISO340/ Suitable for ATEX applications / Moderately oil-resistant covers (MOR)/ Ideal for rice, flour, dry milk, salt, sugar, detergents/ Resistant to acids & alkalizes in low concentration/Belt types: EP400, EP500, EP630, E800, EP1000

FDA-NBR Elevator Belt

Belt Properties: Anti-Static,Food Quality,Oil Resistant/Temperature: -20˚C to +100˚C/ Food applications: Products with oil & fat. Ideal for rice, flour, dry milk, salt, sugar, detergents/ Resistant to acids & alkalizes in low concentration/Belt types: EP400, EP500, EP630, E800, EP1000

HOT OIL Belt

Belt Properties: Oil Resistant, Anti-Static, Flame Resistant/ Temperature: -20˚C to +120˚C/ Hot, potentially flammable products/ Products containing oil & fat/ Ideal for cattle feed & products with high fat content/ EP800/4

T150 - High heat elevator belt

Belt Properties: Anti-Static, Flame Resistant, Wear Resistant/ Temperature: -20˚C to +150˚C/ Hot industrial products/ Used in cement, coal, dry chemicals, fly ash industries/ Special 3+3 covers/ Temperature resistant up to 150C/ EP800/4

Belt fasteners

Braime Belt Clamp

Four versions for belts up to 2500 kN/m /Extruded aluminium construction (main body) & machined steel (steel cord vise grip section)/ Secured by High Tensile Bolts & Lock Nuts/ BC1 and BC2 Designed for Textile Belts/BC2, BC3 & BC4 for Belts with Steel Web Core

Vise Splice

For Belts 1000 to 1400 kN/m Tensile Strength/ Available in Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metal/ Non-Sparking (Non-Ferrous Version)/ Simple 3-Piece Construction/ Max. Temperatures: Ferrous 315°C, Non-Ferrous 260°C/ Each Splice Accommodates 5cm of Belt Width

Supergrip Elevator Belt Splices

Easy to fit modular system of 50mm segments/ 4 versions for belts up to 1600kN/m without thickness limitation/ Max temperature 80°C for nyloc nuts

Gripwell Elevator Belt Splices

Light Duty Elevator Belt Fastener/ For elevator belts up to 630kN/m and up to 7.0mm max thickness/ Vice grip between serrated jaws/ Use 2 fasteners of equal length per joint

Elevator chains

We supply buckets elevator chains on application, in which there are too many numerous style / types to list or even mention.

Elevator drums

Traditional designs of spiral would drums as used in the conveyor industry do not lend themselves to the arduous enclosed environment of the bucket elevator.

The drums can be supplied either crowned or parallel machined to optimise tracking, most are made with a slatted open design and supplied with cleaning cones to minimise build up.

Shafts and drums can be made in mild steel, alloy steel and stainless steel to customer requirements.

Pulleys can be supplied either plain, primed, finish painted or PTFE coated for very sticky applications.

Belt conveyors

Belt conveyors are the most efficient solution to convey the material over long distances.

Centaurus offers different types of belt conveyors, depending on capacities, inclination and material sizes.

We sell belt conveyor systems for all types of biomass.

All belt conveyors sold by Centaurus are designed for low maintenance and high dust retention (which is reached by installation of brushes and scrapers on the stations, to remove respectively fines and oversizes).

MICRODOSERS

Precision dosage of micro components.

Micro dosage systems make it possible to perform continuous dosing on production lines. They ensure precision and regularity of dosage, reducing to a minimum the risk of human error.

Ease of cleaning and maintenance.

They guarantee dosage of one or more ingredients, even at the same time. Homogenization of the product is handled by a special rotating unit.

CHARACTERISTICS: Capacity from 0.3 l/h to 1000 l/h./ Precision up to 1 gr.

DYNAMIC WEIGHING ON CONVEYOR BELT

Industrial weighing scales for dynamic and static weighing solutions.

HORIZONTAL SILOS

Storage silos installed horizontally; it is suitable for medium capacity requirements.

They are equipped with mechanic extraction system, underneath the silo. This extraction system, also known as “walking floor” is powered by a hydraulic group. The extraction system can have a variable speed drive, depending of the use.

Applications

• Storage in case of low height availability
• Storage of sticky materials with high percentage of humidity
• Storage of materials commonly used for alternative fuels like, USW urban solid waste, WDF waste derived fuels, CAS Biomass, tires, etc.

FILTERS SLEEVES AND CARTRIDGES

In today’s demanding solid-liquid and solid-gas separation processes, it is crucial to achieve best possible production efficiency along with trouble-free filter operation. In order to improve the production yield and decrease the plant's total cost of ownership. Centaurus offers a wide selection of proven filtration and separation products, backed by an experienced staff of industry experts in following mining and refining applications.

SLEEVES, BAGS, CAGES, TIMERS, MANOMETERS, VALVES, ELECTRIC VALVES, CLAMPS, TOGETHER, CARTRIDGES, FILTERS

HUMIDIFIERS

In-duct steam distribution

Provides very short evaporation distances and evenly humidifies ducts without wetting.

Mobile humidifiers

Ideal for use in museums, galleries and small offices.

In-duct adiabatic humidifiers

Low energy humidification with the additional benefit of evaporative cooling and low service requirements.

Steam humidifiers

Isothermal steam humidifiers provide 100% hygienic humidification with close control.

JetSpray compressed air & water spray humidifier

Robust operation without the need for RO water. Compressed air ensures very rapid evaporation without the risk of drips.

High pressure direct air humidifier

Ceiling mounted humidifier, quietly delivering low energy humidification directly to a room's atmosphere.

Solo high-pressure direct air humidifier

High pressure direct air humidifier for low energy humidity control and evaporative cooling of a room's atmosphere.

High pressure direct air humidifier

A high pressure spray humidifier for use in industrial manufacturing, horticulture, dust suppression and evaporative cooling.

INTERSTAGE SIEVES

The Vibrating Sieve-Separators are revolutionary vibrating mineral separators, which achieve superb performance in sieving a variety of properties, shapes and sizes of dry and wet grains. The separators efficiently separate the micron size particles, which are conventionally considered as one of the most difficult application.

ELECTROLYTIC CELLS

Flotation cell. Application industry: ore separating. Applied materials: nonferrous metals, coal, fluorite, talc, etc

LINEAR SIEVE

Type: linear vibrating, vibrating. Material: for bulk materials. Applications: for mining, for recycling, for powder recycling, for the food industry, for pharmaceutical applications, sorting, dry particulate, for the pharmaceutical industry. Other characteristics: self-cleaning, inclined, double-deck, stainless steel, compact, single-deck, high-frequency, 2-motor, heavy-duty, 3-deck, rectangular, multi-level, three-stage

COAL ACTIVITY ANALYZER

Measures and reports levels of sulfur, moisture, total ash, calorific value, ash elemental concentration, and other critical parameters required by both coal consumers and producers to maximize the use of coal resources and reduce pollutants.

SEPRO LEACH REACTOR (SLR)

Sepro Leach Reactor (SLR) is an advanced leaching system for leaching precious metal concentrates generated from gravity concentration circuits; this includes gold leaching. Extensive test work of the Sepro Leach Reactor on-site has shown over 99% of the target mineral can be recovered through a simple, fully automated process that is easily incorporated into gold and silver recovery operations. Not only does the SLR have low operating costs, it also recovers more gold than conventional physical separation methods.

Laboratory units are also available for agitated leach reactor testing which generate reliable data for scale up to commercial operation. Pilot scale machines are also supplied for field test purposes.

PUMPCELL CIP SYSTEM

The Pumpcell circuit is a process route used for CIP or RIP applications.

PUMPCELL CIP SYSTEM

The Pumpcell circuit is a process route used for CIP or RIP applications.

CYANIDE ANALYZER ONLINE

Online Cyanide Analyzer improves accuracy of cyanide detection in precious metal leaching solutions by offering a dynamic continuous-monitoring approach, significantly reducing operating costs.

PINE SAWN TIMBER

Pine timber is dried and graded using a combination of state-of-the-art technology and careful control carried out by our skilled employees. This is done according to the requirements of each end use. Good drying, precise dimensions and grading are the strengths of our pine timber products.

Pine is a straight-trunked coniferous tree with no branches on the lower third of the trunk. It usually grows in a light, dry place or in soil which is low in nutriments. Pine timber is easy to work with and has clearly distinguishable darker heartwood and yellowish or reddish white sapwood.

Heartwood is resistant to rot and sapwood can be treated against it. Pine also has very good properties when it comes to moisture and heat. The density of the wood usually varies from 450 kg/m³ to 550 kg/m³ (Mc 12-15%).

End uses for pine sawn timber

• chairs
• glue-laminated boards / beams
• furniture components
• interior claddings
• flooring boards
• mouldings
• construction structures
• exterior claddings
• packing and pallets

OAK SAWN TIMBER

Oak wood was at all times considered to be the best quality category and was consistently in demand. Its tangible benefits include high durability, unique pattern beauty, as well as the ability to withstand external impacts.

Today this kind of wood is used for different purposes, but primarily it is used to produce furniture, doors, flooring and parquet board. Modern comfort buffs choose this material for a unique and noble atmosphere, that it brings into the house.

We produce edged and un-edged lumber of oak. We can supply both dry (dried in kilns) and raw lumber. We sort lumber according to the European classification of European standard EN 975-1/French standard NFB 52-001, and we can also deliver and sort oak lumber in accordance with customer’s specifications.

In addition to lumber, we are able to supply products such as glued laminated panels both joint and solid laminated, which are widely used for manufacturing of stairs, worktops, windowsills, doors, as well as glued oak beam for windows and doors.

BIRCH SAWN TIMBER

Birch timber (lumber) is used mostly in furniture industry. We offer edged and unedged timber. All standard dimensions are available. Also non-standard dimensions are possible on customer request.

Fresh cut unedged birch:

• Quality: AA,AB, BC
• Thickness: 25(28);32 (35);38(42);50(54)mm
• Width: min 110mm
• Length: mainly 3000 (+50-100) mm (but possible from 1000 mm)

Kiln dried unedged birch:

• Quality: AA,AB, BC
• Thickness: 25;32 ;38;50mm
• Width: min 100 mm
• Length: mainly 3000 (+50-100) mm (but possible from 1000 mm)
• KD: 8-10 %

Kiln dried edged birch:

• Quality: E,A,AB, BC
• Thickness: 25;32 ;38;50mm
• Width: 50;75;100;125;150 mm
• Length: from 300 mm
• KD: 8-10 %
• Frame grade:
• Main measures:
• Thickness: 25 mm
• Width: 50;75;100;150;175;200 mm
• Length: 600 – 3200 mm
• KD: 16-18%

BEECH SAWN TIMBER

In terms of wood structure, beech is considered to be less crumby than oak and more flexible than teak, in addition it is not inferior in strength and beauty to these two magnificent wood species. Such features provide for smooth and agreeable to the touch products for furniture and door industry, so the beech is perfectly amenable to grinding and polishing.

Beech wood is dried slightly faster than other hardwoods and the drying defects are much less. After drying, most of the features improve and beech becomes stronger than the oak and in bending it even outstrips it in shear strength and stiffness by approximately 20% and significantly in strength under impact loads. Beech wood, processed with steam, is easily bent (this feature allows creating products of various shapes and designs. The use of beech timber extends to the production of a wide range of wooden products:

• furniture, in particular chairs;
• step boards and platforms for staircases;
• flooring;
• interior articles.

Our company sells bulk beech timber. Beech is a valuable timber species and is considered to be an alternative to oak. The advantage of this timber is the best combination of quality and value.

Our main products of beech:

• Un-edged sawn timber (fresh sawn and KD 8-10%)
• Square-edged boards (fresh or KD 8-10%)
• Furniture and parquet elements
• Glulam products

LARCH SAWN TIMBER

The unique properties of larch are time-tested. Larch was widely used in shipbuilding or piles making. It is not accidental, that Venice stands on piles of larch. A few centuries later, they examined the piles and found out that they were petrified. Larch was widely used in the construction of other buildings and structures of past centuries. All the building elements of that time made of larch, are still preserved.

Larch is distinguished by high quality of wood, natural aesthetics and decorative qualities (texture, pattern). It is able to keep its properties without additional treatment with varnishes, lacquers and special impregnations, maintaining a natural balance.

The chemical composition of tar and Siberian larch wood has high antioxidant properties – in other words, it is capable of renewing cells. Therefore, living in the environment of larch materials means prolonging youth and imperceptibly fighting against illnesses.

Larch feels well in the permafrost regions and tolerates temperatures up to -60 degrees. Harsh conditions of growth endow sawn larch timber with high performance in the exploitation, it is super-resistant to destruction from natural factors, easily tolerates temperature and moisture changes, is not prone to decay, insects are not dangerous to it.

The hardness of wood, which is closely related to the density, usually makes it “resistant to damage.” Fewer dents and scratches mean less space for water and fungi. Siberian larch is an excellent material, which can maintain an excellent appearance and high performance for many years.

Siberian larch is in great demand in the market of wooden housing construction, low-rise construction, interior and exterior decoration of premises or rooms.

Our main products are made of Siberian larch:

• Edged larch timber
• Flooring larch board
• Decking
• Planken
• Cladding/Clapboard
• Larch furniture board
• Larch beams

GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER

Laminated timber is a structural wood product made from strips of wood glued together. It is made up of at least four strips or sheets of sawn goods, maximum 45 mm thick, with the grain direction running along the length of the laminated timber product. Laminated timber is used for load-bearing structures, in both the horizontal and vertical directions, which are either left visible, or clad. As well as buildings,

laminated timber is used in, e.g., load-bearing bridge construction.

Laminated timber is usually planed all round and is available in various finishes and pressure-impregnated. The most common cross-section dimensions are shown in the accompanying table, but laminated timber is also available to special dimensions.

Most common cross-section dimensions for laminated timber

Maximum height of laminated timber is approx. 2 metres and maximum length approx. 30 metres. Maximum dimensions vary according to manufacturer. The strips or sheets from which laminated timber is made are normally 45 mm maximum thickness for straight beams and 33 mm maximum thickness for curved structures.

Laminated timber beams have good fire resistance and do not bend under the effect of heat. Charring speed for laminated timber is approx. 0.6 mm/min. Charred depth after one hour in a normal fire is approx. 36 mm. Steel parts embedded in laminated timber are also fire protected for an equivalent period.

The properties of laminated timber are defined according to Finnish Standard SFS-EN 14080 and the manufacture of laminated timber according to SFS-EN 386. Laminated timber fulfilling these standards can be used in GL strength class according to SFS-EN 1194.

PLYWOOD

Our company offers birch plywood in various species and varieties.

BIRCH PLYWOOD, INT

Birch plywood is a multi-layered constructional material, made by gluing birch veneer. The number of layers is usually uneven. The veneer layers are positioned in relation to one another with the directions of the grains crossing to increase the plywood endurance.

APPLICATION

The furniture industry actively uses INT plywood for manufacturing wholesale and unit packaging. This construction material can also be used for composite thermal insulation. Plywood of high quality is known for its endurance, form stability and surface hardness. This kind of wood is popular because of its handiness. The piece thickness range is rather wide and can make up from 4 to 40 mm.

BIRCH PLYWOOD, EXT

DESCRIPTION

It is a multilayer construction material made by birch veneer gluing. The number of veneer layers is always uneven. The veneer layers are positioned in relation to one another with the directions of the grains crossing to improve the plywood endurance.

APPLICATION

The distinctive feature of this product is usage of glue based on phenolformaldehyde resins. It makes the goods extra strong, with a low saturation coefficient. This plywood can be used in external environment. Its physical and mechanical properties leave no doubt about the quality and endurance of this product.

EXT birch plywood can be used for the following purposes:

External and internal construction works and interior decoration;
Furniture manufacturing;
As a building material;
Motor vehicle industry;
Railway coach manufacturing;
Packaging;
Flooring manufacturing (parquet, laminated flooring, parquet board, linoleum).

FILM FACED BIRCH PLYWOOD, EXT, GOST 53920-2010

DESCRIPTION

Film faced plywood is the best water-resistant type of wood timber. It has proved its high density and durability. At our production lines, film faced plywood is produced of birch veneer. It differs from the standard plywood due to its surface layer in thick paper, treated with phenol formaldehyde resins or polymer film. The surface of the material can be glazed (F marking), riffled (W marking) or can have embossment.

APPLICATION

This type of plywood is usually used in monolithic construction, furniture manufacturing, POS and warehouse equipment, transport motor vehicle industry and different interior decoration.

SPECIAL-PURPOSE PLYWOOD

Our company is oriented to both the end consumer and the supply of raw materials to manufacturing companies as well. We have a wide range of equipment to produce the finished and the semi-finished products for further sale.

We offer:

Plywood laminated with different types of films;
Machine-cut blank parts in accordance with your specification;
Plywood of non-standard dimensions plywood 2500*4500, plywood with unidirectional veneer grains;
Plywood blank parts – analogues of latoflex and many other items.
We would recommend you contact us firstly before ordering plywood: perhaps we would be able to offer finished products to you.
If you are interested in this type of product, do not hesitate to contact us.

PLYWOOD

Our company offers birch plywood in various species and varieties.

BIRCH PLYWOOD, INT

Birch plywood is a multi-layered constructional material, made by gluing birch veneer. The number of layers is usually uneven. The veneer layers are positioned in relation to one another with the directions of the grains crossing to increase the plywood endurance.

APPLICATION

The furniture industry actively uses INT plywood for manufacturing wholesale and unit packaging. This construction material can also be used for composite thermal insulation. Plywood of high quality is known for its endurance, form stability and surface hardness. This kind of wood is popular because of its handiness. The piece thickness range is rather wide and can make up from 4 to 40 mm.

BIRCH PLYWOOD, EXT

DESCRIPTION

It is a multilayer construction material made by birch veneer gluing. The number of veneer layers is always uneven. The veneer layers are positioned in relation to one another with the directions of the grains crossing to improve the plywood endurance.

APPLICATION

The distinctive feature of this product is usage of glue based on phenolformaldehyde resins. It makes the goods extra strong, with a low saturation coefficient. This plywood can be used in external environment. Its physical and mechanical properties leave no doubt about the quality and endurance of this product.

EXT birch plywood can be used for the following purposes:

External and internal construction works and interior decoration;
Furniture manufacturing;
As a building material;
Motor vehicle industry;
Railway coach manufacturing;
Packaging;
Flooring manufacturing (parquet, laminated flooring, parquet board, linoleum).

FILM FACED BIRCH PLYWOOD, EXT, GOST 53920-2010

DESCRIPTION

Film faced plywood is the best water-resistant type of wood timber. It has proved its high density and durability. At our production lines, film faced plywood is produced of birch veneer. It differs from the standard plywood due to its surface layer in thick paper, treated with phenol formaldehyde resins or polymer film. The surface of the material can be glazed (F marking), riffled (W marking) or can have embossment.

APPLICATION

This type of plywood is usually used in monolithic construction, furniture manufacturing, POS and warehouse equipment, transport motor vehicle industry and different interior decoration.

SPECIAL-PURPOSE PLYWOOD

Our company is oriented to both the end consumer and the supply of raw materials to manufacturing companies as well. We have a wide range of equipment to produce the finished and the semi-finished products for further sale.

We offer:

Plywood laminated with different types of films;
Machine-cut blank parts in accordance with your specification;
Plywood of non-standard dimensions plywood 2500*4500, plywood with unidirectional veneer grains;
Plywood blank parts – analogues of latoflex and many other items.
We would recommend you contact us firstly before ordering plywood: perhaps we would be able to offer finished products to you.
If you are interested in this type of product, do not hesitate to contact us.

PLYWOOD

Our company offers birch plywood in various species and varieties.

BIRCH PLYWOOD, INT

Birch plywood is a multi-layered constructional material, made by gluing birch veneer. The number of layers is usually uneven. The veneer layers are positioned in relation to one another with the directions of the grains crossing to increase the plywood endurance.

APPLICATION

The furniture industry actively uses INT plywood for manufacturing wholesale and unit packaging. This construction material can also be used for composite thermal insulation. Plywood of high quality is known for its endurance, form stability and surface hardness. This kind of wood is popular because of its handiness. The piece thickness range is rather wide and can make up from 4 to 40 mm.

BIRCH PLYWOOD, EXT

DESCRIPTION

It is a multilayer construction material made by birch veneer gluing. The number of veneer layers is always uneven. The veneer layers are positioned in relation to one another with the directions of the grains crossing to improve the plywood endurance.

APPLICATION

The distinctive feature of this product is usage of glue based on phenolformaldehyde resins. It makes the goods extra strong, with a low saturation coefficient. This plywood can be used in external environment. Its physical and mechanical properties leave no doubt about the quality and endurance of this product.

EXT birch plywood can be used for the following purposes:

External and internal construction works and interior decoration;
Furniture manufacturing;
As a building material;
Motor vehicle industry;
Railway coach manufacturing;
Packaging;
Flooring manufacturing (parquet, laminated flooring, parquet board, linoleum).

FILM FACED BIRCH PLYWOOD, EXT, GOST 53920-2010

DESCRIPTION

Film faced plywood is the best water-resistant type of wood timber. It has proved its high density and durability. At our production lines, film faced plywood is produced of birch veneer. It differs from the standard plywood due to its surface layer in thick paper, treated with phenol formaldehyde resins or polymer film. The surface of the material can be glazed (F marking), riffled (W marking) or can have embossment.

APPLICATION

This type of plywood is usually used in monolithic construction, furniture manufacturing, POS and warehouse equipment, transport motor vehicle industry and different interior decoration.

SPECIAL-PURPOSE PLYWOOD

Our company is oriented to both the end consumer and the supply of raw materials to manufacturing companies as well. We have a wide range of equipment to produce the finished and the semi-finished products for further sale.

We offer:

Plywood laminated with different types of films;
Machine-cut blank parts in accordance with your specification;
Plywood of non-standard dimensions plywood 2500*4500, plywood with unidirectional veneer grains;
Plywood blank parts – analogues of latoflex and many other items.
We would recommend you contact us firstly before ordering plywood: perhaps we would be able to offer finished products to you.
If you are interested in this type of product, do not hesitate to contact us.

UREA

Composition: urea nitrogen (N-NH2) content - 46.5 %.

Fertilizing effect: outdoor and garden plants should be fertilised before sowing, winter plants and perennials in the beginning of vegetation. Fruit trees and berry shrubs should be sprayed until blossoming: spraying destroys pest eggs and larvae (aphids, apple bugs, ticks, etc.) as well as pathogens (septoriosis, blight, powdery mildew). White urea granules contain no supplementary additives and are treated with anti-caking agents. Minimum static strength per granule is 7 N. Urea is classified as environment-friendly fertiliser.

Packing: 50, 500, 1000 kg polypropylene sacks and bulk (mt). Labeling options are possible upon request.

NPK

Nitrogen fertilizers with calcium

Composition: nitrogen (N) - 27 % (ammonia N (N-NH4) - 13.5 %, nitrate N (N-NO3) - 13.5 %), calcium oxide (CaO) - 6 %.

Fertilizing effect: calcium ammonium nitrate based nitrogen fertilizers with calcium are a physiological fertilizer containing two synergetic elements - nitrogen and calcium - in one granule. Fertilizer does not acidify soil; on the contrary in acid soils better environment for root development and formation, nutrient absorption and useful microorganism propagation is formed.

Nitrogen fertilizers with calcium are applied to winter and summer rape, sugar beet and mangel-wurzel, potatoes and other vegetables, winter and summer wheat, forage crops, fruit trees and bushes. Applied before sowing and during vegetation period. Using appropriate spreader CAN as well as CAN - based fertilizer could be evenly spread within 48 meters.

Packing: 50, 500 kg polypropylene sacks and bulk (mt).

GMOP

Available two types of muriate of potash (MOP): pink and white.

Pink MOP can be standard and granular:

Pink Standard MOP is used for production of compound NPK fertilisers and as a direct-application fertiliser.

Pink Granular MOP is used as a direct-application fertiliser and as a component of blended fertilisers.

White MOP is a high-purity product and used as a component of compound NPK fertilisers, as water-soluble fertiliser, for production of potassium sulphate (SOP), potassium nitrate (NOP), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and for other industrial purposes.

PESTICIDES

Chemically related pesticides:

Organophosphate:

Most organophosphates are insecticides, they affect the nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates a neurotransmitter.

Carbamate:

Similar to the organophosphorus pesticides, the carbamate pesticides also affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that regulates the neurotransmitter. However, the enzyme effects are usually reversible.

Organochlorine insecticides:

They were commonly used earlier, but now many countries have been removed Organochlorine insecticides from their market due to their health and environmental effects and their persistence (e.g., DDT, chlordane, and toxaphene).

Pyrethroid:

These are a synthetic version of pyrethrin, a naturally occurring pesticide, found in chrysanthemums(Flower). They were developed in such a way as to maximise their stability in the environment.

Sulfonylurea herbicides:

The sulfonylureas herbicides have been commercialized for weed control such as pyrithiobac-sodium, cyclosulfamuron, bispyribac-sodium, terbacil, sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, nicosulfuron, flazasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, ethoxysulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, bensulfuron-methyl, azimsulfuron, and amidosulfuron.

Biopesticides:

The biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.

Metaldehyde

Metaldehyde is the leading active ingredient against slugs and snails and specifically targets molluscs.

Slugs and snails can pose significant problems for both the professional grower of agricultural crops and gardeners. Molluscicidal baits are active ingredient are an effective way of controlling slug and snail pests.

Bifenthrin

Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used to control a range of pests. It has a low aqueous solubility and is volatile. There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil. There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine disrupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.

HERBICIDES

Pendimethalin

Systemic herbicide for killing monocotyledonous weeds in spring barley, spring barley with clover seed, fodder maize, peas, onions, leeks, carrots, parsnips, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cauliflower, cauliflower, cauliflower, cauliflower, blackberries, raspberry and blackberry hybrids, raspberries, blackcurrants, gooseberries, strawberries.

Propaquizafop

Used for the post emergence control of a wide range of annual and perennial grasses. AGIL is used for selective weed control in many broadleaf crops such as sugarbeet, oilseed rape, soybeans, sunflower, other field crops, vegetables, fruit trees, vineyards and forestry. Propaquizafop is selective to all major broadleaf crops, during all their stages of development. Propaquizafop is a systemic herbicide, which is quickly absorbed by the leaves and translocated from the foliage to the growing points of the leaves and roots of the sprayed weeds.

FUNGICIDES

Hexaconazole

Systemic fungicide with protective and curative actions. Controls many fungal diseases, particularly those caused by Ascomycetes & basidiomycetes on apples, vines, coffee and Cercospora spp. On groundnuts.

Tricyclazole

Systemic fungicide absorbed rapidly by the roots, with translocation through plant. Control of rice blast (pyricularia oryzae) in transplanted and direct- seeded rice. Can be applied as a drench, Transplant root soak or foliar application.

INSECTICIDES

Acephate

Systemic insecticide with contact and stomach action. Control of wide range of chewing and sucking insects. e.g. aphids, thrips, lepidopterous larvae, sawflies, leaf miners etc in fruit, vine, hops, olives, cotton, soya beans, peanuts, beet, beens , potatoes, rice, tobacco, and other crops.

Malathion

Thiamethoxam

Nicotinoid compound with broad-spectrum insecticidal properties. It is registered for use on numerous crops in many countries against sucking and chewing insects in vegetables, ornamentals, field crops, deciduous fruits, citrus, cotton and rice. It possesses contact and stomach activity. Its systemic properties has resulted in its use against foliar feeding insects via seed treatment, soil application, through irrigation systems, or applied to the trunks of trees. It is also registered for direct foliar application.

Lambda cyhalothrin

One of the leading non-systemic insecticide with broad range of uses and repellent properties. It gives rapid knockdown and long residual activity. It controls wide spectrum of insect pests in cereals, hops, potatoes, cotton and other crops. It is also used for control of insect pests in public health

Dichlorvos is an organophosphate, widely used as an insecticide to control household pests. It is effective against mushroom flies, aphids, spider mites, caterpillars, thrips, and whiteflies in greenhouse, outdoor fruit, and vegetable crops.

Methamidophos

Systemic insecticide and acaricide with contact & stomach action, absorbed by the roots and leaves.

Control of chewing and sucking insects and spider mites on ornamentals, potatoes, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus fruit, vines, hops, brassicas, beet, cotton, maize, tobacco and other crops.

AMOXICILLIN TRI HYDRATE

Amoxicillin trihydrate is a hydrate that is the trihydrate form of amoxicillin; a semisynthetic antibiotic, used either alone or in combination with potassium clavulanate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. It has a role as an antibacterial drug and an antimicrobial agent. It contains an amoxicillin.

Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Amoxicillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1A located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

ABACAVIR

Abacavir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor analog of guanosine. This agent decreases HIV viral loads, retards or prevents the damage to the immune system, and reduces the risk of developing AIDS.

AEROSIL

A very fine, pyrogenic form of silica. Silica is another name for the chemical compound composed of silicon and oxygen with the chemical formula SiO2, or silicon dioxide. There are many forms of silica. All silica forms are identical in chemical composition, but have different atom arrangements. Silica compounds can be divided into two groups, crystalline (or c-silica) and amorphous silica (a-silica or non-crystalline silica). c-Silica compounds have structures with repeating patterns of silicon and oxygen. a-Silica chemical structures are more randomly linked when compared to c-silica. All forms of silica are odorless solids composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. Silica particles become suspended in air and form non-explosive dusts. Silica may combine with other metallic elements and oxides to form silicates.

ALBENDAZOLE

Albendazole is a broad-spectrum, synthetic benzimidazole-derivative anthelmintic. Albendazole interferes with the reproduction and survival of helminths by inhibiting the formation of microtubules from tubulin. This leads to an impaired uptake of glucose, a depletion of glycogen stores, and results in the worm's death. Albendazole is used in the treatment of dog and pork tapeworm-causing diseases, including hydatid disease and neurocysticercosis. Albendazole may also be used to treat a variety of other roundworm infections.

Albendazole is an antihelmintic agent used predominantly in treatment of echinococcosis, a parasitic worm that causes cysts in liver and lung. Albendazole therapy is commonly associated with mild and transient serum enzyme elevations and rarely can lead to clinically apparent acute liver injury.

AMBROXOL

Ambroxol is an aromatic amine.

Ambroxol is a secretolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. It is the active ingredient of Mucosolvan, Lasolvan or Mucoangin. The substance is a mucoactive drug with several properties including secretolytic and secretomotoric actions that restore the physiological clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract which play an important role in the body’s natural defence mechanisms. It stimulates synthesis and release of surfactant by type II pneumocytes. Surfactants acts as an anti-glue factor by reducing the adhesion of mucus to the bronchial wall, in improving its transport and in providing protection against infection and irritating agents.

AMLODIPINE

Amlodipine is a synthetic dihydropyridine and a calcium channel blocker with antihypertensive and antianginal properties. Amlodipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby preventing vascular and myocardial contraction. This results in a dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries, decreased myocardial contractility, increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, and decreased total peripheral resistance. This agent may also modulate multi-drug resistance (MDR) activity through inhibition of the p-glycoprotein efflux pump.

Amlodipine is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. It was developed under the direction of Dr. Simon Campbell; A long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. Amlodipine (as besylate, mesylate or maleate) is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. Amlodipine is marketed as Norvasc in North America and as Istin in the United Kingdom as well as under various other names. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; Amlodipine (as besylate, mesylate or maleate) is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. Amlodipine is marketed as Norvasc in North America and as Istin in the United Kingdom as well as under various other names. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. It was developed under the direction of Dr. Simon Campbell.

Amlodipine besylate is a second generation calcium channel blocker that is used in the therapy of hypertension and angina pectoris. Amlodipine has been linked to a low rate of serum enzyme elevations during therapy and to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.

AMPICILLIN

Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic, beta-lactam penicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Ampicillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Ampicillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, therefore, can be used in wide range of gram-positive and -negative infections.

Ampicillin Trihydrate is the trihydrate form of ampicillin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic derivative of aminopenicillin. Ampicillin trihydrate inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins, thereby inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.

Ampicillin Sodium is the sodium salt form of ampicillin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic derivative of aminopenicillin. Ampicillin sodium inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins, thereby inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.

ASPARTAME

Aspartame is the name for an artificial, non-carbohydrate sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester; i. e. , the methyl ester of the dipeptide of the amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is marketed under a number of trademark names, such as Equal, and Canderel, and is an ingredient of approximately 6, 000 consumer foods and beverages sold worldwide. It is commonly used in diet soft drinks, and is often provided as a table condiment. It is also used in some brands of chewable vitamin supplements. In the European Union, it is also known under the E number (additive code) E951. Aspartame is also one of the sugar substitutes used by diabetics. Upon ingestion, aspartame breaks down into several constituent chemicals, including the naturally-occurring essential amino acid phenylalanine which is a health hazard to the few people born with phenylketonuria, a congenital inability to process phenylalanine. Aspartic acid is an amino acid commonly found in foods. Approximately 40% of aspartame (by mass) is broken down into aspartic acid. Because aspartame is metabolized and absorbed very quickly (unlike aspartic acid-containing proteins in foods), it is known that aspartame could spike blood plasma levels of aspartate. Aspartic acid is in a class of chemicals known as excitotoxins. Abnormally high levels of excitotoxins have been shown in hundreds of animals studies to cause damage to areas of the brain unprotected by the blood-brain barrier and a variety of chronic diseases arising out of this neurotoxicity.

Aspartame is a dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the amino group of methyl L-phenylalaninate. Commonly used as an artificial sweetener. It has a role as a sweetening agent, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, an apoptosis inhibitor and an EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor. It is a dipeptide, a carboxylic acid and a methyl ester. It derives from a L-aspartic acid and a methyl L-phenylalaninate.

AZITHROMYCIN

Azithromycin is an azalide, derived from erythromycin, and a member of a subclass of macrolide antibiotics with bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic activities. Azithromycin reversibly binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the 70S ribosome of sensitive microorganisms, thereby inhibiting the translocation step of protein synthesis, wherein a newly synthesized peptidyl tRNA molecule moves from the acceptor site on the ribosome to the peptidyl (donor) site, and consequently inhibiting RNA-dependent protein synthesis leading to cell growth inhibition and cell death.

Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infectious diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once-daily dosing, and shorter administration durations is a property distinct from other macrolides. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax ("Zmax") and Sumamed, and is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics.

Azithromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic which is commonly used for a wide variety of mild-to-moderate bacterial infections. Azithromycin has been linked to rare instances of acute liver injury.

BISMUTH CITRATE

A mild antibiotic salt.

BROMOHEXINE

Drug used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus.

CAFFEINE ANHYDROUS

Dehydrated caffeine in the form of crystallized powder and is highly concentrated.

CEFADROXIL

First-generation cephalosporin antibacterial drug that is the para-hydroxy derivative of cephalexin, and is used similarly in the treatment of mild to moderate susceptible infections such as the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, causing the disease popularly called strep throat or streptococcal tonsillitis, urinary tract infection, reproductive tract infection, and skin infections. Cefadroxil is used as an antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures, for patients allergic to penicillin.

CEFIXIME

Cefixime is a broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived semi synthetically from the marine fungus Cephalosporium acremonium with antibacterial activity. As does penicillin, the beta-lactam antibiotic cefixime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by disrupting peptidoglycan synthesis, resulting in a reduction in bacterial cell wall stability and bacterial cell lysis. Stable in the presence of a variety of beta-lactamases, this agent is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria compared to second-generation cephalosporins.

Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections. It has a role as an antibacterial drug and a drug allergen.

Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillin and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall.

CEFTRIOXONE

Antibiotic used for the treatment of several bacterial infections.

CEPHALEXIN

Cephalexin is a beta-lactam, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cephalexin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Compared to second and third generation cephalosporins, cephalexin is more active against gram-positive and less active against gram-negative organisms.

CETIRIZINE

Cetirizine is a metabolite of hydroxyzine and a selective peripheral histamine H1-receptor antagonist. It is used for symptomatic treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and for chronic urticaria. (NCI)

CHLORAMPHENICOL

Chloramphenicol is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from Streptomyces venequelae with primarily bacteriostatic activity. Chloramphenicol diffuses through the bacterial cell wall and reversibly binds to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. The binding interferes with peptidyl transferase activity, thereby prevents transfer of amino acids to the growing peptide chains and blocks peptide bond formation. As a result bacterial protein synthesis is blocked and impede bacterial cell proliferation.

CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE

Chlorpheniramine Maleate is a synthetic alkylamine derivative used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma, antihistamine Chlorpheniramine Maleate acts as a competitive histamine H1 receptor antagonist, and displays anticholinergic and mild sedative effects as well. (NCI04)

CHOLINE DI-HYDROGEN CITRATE

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate is a white granular to fine crystalline powder that is found in foods such as liver, muscle meats, fish, nuts, beans, peas, spinach, wheat germ, and eggs. It is used for to treat liver disease, depression, memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and other mental conditions. Choline Dihydrogen Citrate Conditioned is used as a dietary supplement.

CIPROFLOXACIN

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin binds to and inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for DNA replication. This agent is more active against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. (NCI04)

CLARITHROMYCIN

Clarithromycin is a semisynthetic 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis in susceptible organisms. Clarithromycin has been shown to eradicate gastric MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphomas, presumably due to the eradication of tumorigenic Helicobacter pylori infection. This agent also acts as a biological response modulator, possibly inhibiting angiogenesis and tumour growth through alterations in growth factor expression. (NCI04)

CLOXACILLIN

Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic beta-lactamase resistant penicillin antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Cloxacillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, thereby preventing the cross-linkage of peptidoglycans, which are critical components of the bacterial cell wall. This leads to an interruption of the bacterial cell wall and causes bacterial cell lysis.

CYPROHEPTADINE

Cyproheptadine is the product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist, a serotonergic antagonist, an antipruritic drug, an anti-allergic agent and a gastrointestinal drug. It is a member of piperidines and a tertiary amine.

DARUNAVIR

Darunavir is an antiretroviral protease inhibitor that is used in the therapy and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Darunavir can cause transient and usually asymptomatic elevations in serum aminotransferase levels and has been linked to rare instances of clinically apparent, acute liver injury. In HBV or HCV coinfected patients, highly active antiretroviral therapy with darunavir may result of an exacerbation of the underlying chronic hepatitis B or C.

DICLOFENAC SODIUM

Diclofenac Sodium is the sodium salt form of diclofenac, a benzene acetic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. Diclofenac sodium is a non-selective reversible and competitive inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), subsequently blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors. This leads to an inhibition of the formation of prostaglandins that are involved in pain, inflammation and fever.

DILOXANIDE FUROATE

Diloxanide furoate is a member of phenols and a benzoate ester. Diloxanide furoate is an anti-protozoal drug used in the treatment of Entamoeba histolytica and some other protozoal infections.

EFAVIRENZ

Efavirenz is a synthetic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor with antiviral activity. Efavirenz binds directly to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, blocking its function in viral DNA replication. In combination with other antiretroviral drugs, this agent has been shown to significantly reduce HIV viral load, retarding or preventing damage to the immune system and reducing the risk of developing AIDS. Efavirenz induces activity of the cytochrome P450 system, accelerating its own metabolism.

FERRIC AMMONIUM CITRATE

Ferric ammonium citrate is a yellowish brown to red solid with a faint odour of ammonia. It is soluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. It is used in medicine, in making blueprints, and as a feed additive.

FERROUS FUMERATE

Ferrous Fumarate is the fumarate salt form of the mineral iron. Administration of ferrous fumarate results in elevation of serum iron concentration, which is then assimilated into haemoglobin, required for the transport of oxygen, or trapped in the reticuloendothelial cells for storage. This agent is used as a dietary supplement, and to prevent or treat iron deficiency related syndromes.

FLUCONAZOLE

Fluconazole is a synthetic triazole with antifungal activity. Fluconazole preferentially inhibits fungal cytochrome P-450 sterol C-14 alpha-demethylation, resulting in the accumulation of fungal 14 alpha-methyl sterols, the loss of normal fungal sterols, and fungistatic activity. Mammalian cell demethylation is much less sensitive to fluconazole inhibition. Fluconazole is a triazole fungistatic agent used in the treatment of systemic and superficial fungal infections. Fluconazole therapy can cause transient mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations and is a known cause of clinically apparent acute drug induced liver injury.

GLIMEPIRIDE

Glimepiride is a long-acting, third-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycaemic activity. Compared to other generations of sulfonylurea compounds, glimepiride is very potent and has a longer duration of action. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9 and shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonistic activity.

GLUCOSAMINE SULPHATE

Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulphate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulphate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulphate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulphate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).

GUIFENISIN

Guaifenesin is a glyceryl guaiacolate with expectorant effects. Guaifenesin increases respiratory tract mucus secretions, acts as an irritant to gastric vagal receptors and recruits efferent parasympathetic reflexes that cause glandular exocytosis. This agent reduces the viscosity of mucus secretion by reducing adhesiveness and surface tension as well as increasing hydration of mucus. Guaifenesin promotes the efficiency of the mucociliary mechanism important in removing accumulated secretions from the upper and lower airway.

IBUPROFEN

Ibuprofen is a propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Ibuprofen inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This leads to decreased prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, the main physiologic effect of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. (NCI05)

LACTIC ACID BACILLUS

Lactic Acid Bacillus is a probiotic used to treat diarrhea caused due to infections, antibiotics, etc. It is also used to relieve symptoms of digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, stomach ulcers, constipation, indigestion, etc.

LACTOSE

Beta-lactose is the beta-anomer of lactose. Beta-Lactose is the beta-pyranose form of the compound lactose [CCD].

LEVOCETRIZINE DI HCL

Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride salt form of the active levorotatory enantiomer of cetirizine, levocetirizine; a third generation, non-sedating, selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist, with antihistamine, anti-inflammatory and potential anti-angiogenic activities. Levocetirizine competes with endogenous histamine for binding at peripheral H1-receptor sites on the effector cell surface. This prevents the negative symptoms associated with histamine release and an allergic reaction. In addition, as histamine plays an important role in angiogenesis during an allergic inflammatory reaction, blocking the action of histamine may modulate the expression of proangiogenic factors and thus may prevent angiogenesis. As a third-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist, levocetirizine has fewer side effects than most second-generation antihistamines.

L-LYSINE

Lysine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans required for growth and tissue repair, Lysine is supplied by many foods, especially red meats, fish, and dairy products. Lysine seems to be active against herpes simplex viruses and present in many forms of diet supplements. The mechanism underlying this effect is based on the viral need for amino acid arginine; lysine competes with arginine for absorption and entry into cells. Lysine inhibits HSV growth by knocking out arginine. (NCI04)

L-Lysine is a nutritional supplement containing the biologically active L-isomer of the essential amino acid lysine, with potential anti-mucositis activity. Upon oral intake, L-lysine promotes healthy tissue function, growth and healing and improves the immune system. L-Lysine promotes calcium uptake, is essential for carnitine production and collagen formation. As collagen is essential for connective tissue maintenance, this agent may also help heal mucosal wounds. This may help decrease and prevent mucositis induced by radiation or chemotherapy.

-lysine is an essential amino acid. Normal requirements for lysine have been found to be about 8 g per day or 12 mg/kg in adults. Children and infants need more, 44 mg/kg per day for an eleven to-twelve-year old, and 97 mg/kg per day for three-to six-month old. Lysine is highly concentrated in muscle compared to most other amino acids. Lysine is high in foods such as wheat germ, cottage cheese and chicken. Of meat products, wild game and pork have the highest concentration of lysine. Fruits and vegetables contain little lysine, except avocados. Normal lysine metabolism is dependent upon many nutrients including niacin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin C, glutamic acid and iron. Excess arginine antagonizes lysine. Several inborn errors of lysine metabolism are known, such as cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, lysinuric protein intolerance, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I. Most are marked by mental retardation with occasional diverse symptoms such as absence of secondary sex characteristics, undescended testes, abnormal facial structure, anemia, obesity, enlarged liver and spleen, and eye muscle imbalance. Lysine also may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although high protein diets result in loss of large amounts of calcium in urine, so does lysine deficiency. Lysine may be an adjunct therapy because it reduces calcium losses in urine. Lysine deficiency also may result in immunodeficiency. Requirements for this amino acid are probably increased by stress.

LOPINAVIR

Lopinavir is an antiretroviral protease inhibitor used in combination with ritonavir in the therapy and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Lopinavir can cause transient and usually asymptomatic elevations in serum aminotransferase levels and, rarely, clinically apparent, acute liver injury. In HBV or HCV coinfected patients, highly active antiretroviral therapy with lopinavir may result of an exacerbation of the underlying chronic hepatitis B or C.

MAGALDRATE

Magaldrate is an antacid drug used for the treatment of esophagitis, duodenal and gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux. Magaldrate has been discontinued in the US market.

MAGNESIUM STERATE

Magnesium stearate is the magnesium salt of the fatty acid, stearic acid.

MEBENDAZOLE

Mebendazole is a synthetic benzimidazole derivate and anthelmintic agent. Mebendazole interferes with the reproduction and survival of helminths by inhibiting the formation of their cytoplasmic microtubules, thereby selectively and irreversibly blocking glucose uptake. This results in a depletion of glycogen stores and leads to reduced formation of ATP required for survival and reproduction of the helminth.

Mebendazole is an antihelmintic agent used commonly for roundworm (pinworm and hookworm) infections, trichinosis, capillariasis and toxocariasis and other parasitic worm infections. Mebendazole when given for prolonged periods in high doses has been associated with elevations in serum enzyme levels, and rare instances of acute, clinically apparent liver injury have been linked to its use.

METFORMIN

Metformin is an agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Metformin is a first line agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes that can be used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, incretin-based drugs, sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, or other hypoglycemic agents. Metformin has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy and is an exceeding rare cause of idiosyncratic clinically apparent acute liver injury.

METRONIDAZOLE

Metronidazole is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities. Although its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, un-ionized metronidazole is readily taken up by obligate anaerobic organisms and is subsequently reduced by low-redox potential electron-transport proteins to an active, intermediate product. Reduced metronidazole causes DNA strand breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and bacterial cell growth.

Metronidazole is a member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. It has a role as an antitrichomonal drug, a prodrug, an antibacterial drug, an antimicrobial agent, an antiparasitic agent, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and a radiosensitizing agent. It is a member of imidazoles, a C-nitro compound and a primary alcohol. It is a conjugate base of a metronidazole(1+).

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole derivative bactericidal agent widely used in the treatment of many anaerobic and certain protozoan and parasitic infections. Metronidazole has been linked to rare instances of acute, clinically apparent liver injury.

METRONIDAZOLE BENZOATE

Metronidazole Benzoate is the benzoate ester of metronidazole, a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities. Metronidazole benzoate is a benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the hydroxy group of metronidazole. It has a role as an antibacterial drug, an antimicrobial agent, an antiparasitic agent, an antitrichomonal drug and a prodrug. It derives from a metronidazole and a benzoic acid.

NIACINAMIDE

Niacinamide is the active form of vitamin B3 and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Niacinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. This agent also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.

Nicotinamide is a pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. It has a role as an EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor, a metabolite, a cofactor, an antioxidant, a neuroprotective agent, an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, a Sir2 inhibitor, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyridinecarboxamide and a pyridine alkaloid. It derives from a nicotinic acid.

OMEPRAZOLE

Omeprazole is a benzimidazole with selective and irreversible proton pump inhibition activity. Omeprazole forms a stable disulfide bond with the sulfhydryl group of the hydrogen-potassium (H+ - K+) ATPase found on the secretory surface of parietal cells, thereby inhibiting the final transport of hydrogen ions (via exchange with potassium ions) into the gastric lumen and suppressing gastric acid secretion. This agent exhibits no anticholinergic activities and does not antagonize histamine H2 receptors.

PANTOPRAZOLE

Pantozol; Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks' duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained; Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks' duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained. Pantoprazole is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. Metabolism mainly consists of demethylation by CYP2C19 followed by sulfation. Another metabolic pathway is oxidation by CYP3A4. Pantoprazole metabolites are not thought to have any pharmacological significance; Protium; Pantor; Pantoloc) is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks' duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained; Protonix; Pantoprazole (brand names Pantopan in Italy.

PARACETAMOL

Acetaminophen is a p-aminophenol derivative with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Although the exact mechanism through which acetaminophen exert its effects has yet to be fully determined, acetaminophen may inhibit the nitric oxide (NO) pathway mediated by a variety of neurotransmitter receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and substance P, resulting in elevation of the pain threshold. The antipyretic activity may result from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release in the central nervous system (CNS) and prostaglandin-mediated effects on the heat-regulating center in the anterior hypothalamus.

PHENIRAMINE MALEATE

Pheniramine Maleate is the maleate salt form of pheniramine, an alkylamine derivative with antihistaminic and vasodilatory properties. Pheniramine maleate binds to histamine H1 receptors, thereby inhibiting phospholipase A2 and production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide. Subsequent lack of activation of guanylyl cyclase through nitric oxide results in decreased cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels, thereby inhibiting constriction of smooth muscle tissue, and decreased capillary permeability and histamine-activated allergic reactions.

PHENYL EPHRINE

Phenylephrine is a direct-acting sympathomimetic amine chemically related to adrenaline and ephedrine with potent vasoconstrictor property. Phenylephrine is a post-synaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist that causes vasoconstriction, increases systolic/diastolic pressures, reflex bradycardia, and stroke output.

PHENYL EPHRINE

Phenylephrine is a direct-acting sympathomimetic amine chemically related to adrenaline and ephedrine with potent vasoconstrictor property. Phenylephrine is a post-synaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist that causes vasoconstriction, increases systolic/diastolic pressures, reflex bradycardia, and stroke output.

PHENYLEPROPANOLAMINE HCL

Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of phenylpropanolamine, an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor agonist with sympathomimetic activity. Phenylpropanolamine binds to and activates alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the mucosa of the respiratory tract resulting in vasoconstriction and reduction in swelling of nasal mucous membranes and reduction in tissue hyperemia, edema, and nasal congestion. This agent also stimulates the release of norepinephrine from its storage sites resulting in the effects already described. Finally, phenylpropanolamine indirectly stimulates beta-receptors producing tachycardia and a positive inotropic effect.

PIOGLITAZONE

Pioglitazone is an orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation.

PROMETHAZINE

Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with antiemetic and antihistaminic properties. Promethazine antagonizes the central and peripheral effects of histamine mediated by histamine H1 receptors. The effects include bronchoconstriction, vasodilation and spasmodic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. In addition, this agent binds to muscarinic receptors, resulting in anticholinergic and antiemetic activities.